Nattokinase

Nattokinase, also known as nattokinase or NK (EC 3.4.21.62), is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme extracted and highly purified from a traditional Japanese food called Natto. Here is a detailed introduction to nattokinase:

Origin and Production

• Food Source: Natto is a fermented cheese-like food produced by adding Bacillus natto, a beneficial bacteria, to boiled soybeans. This fermentation process results in the production of nattokinase.
• Discovery: Nattokinase was discovered by Dr. Hiroyuki Sumi in 1980 during his research on thrombolytic enzymes at Chicago University Medical School. He found that when Natto was placed on artificial thrombus (fibrin) in a Petri dish and allowed to stand at body temperature, the thrombus gradually dissolved within 18 hours.

Chemical Properties

• Molecular Structure: Nattokinase is a single-chain polypeptide with an alkaline protease structure. Its molecular weight is approximately 27,728 Daltons, and it consists of 275 amino acid residues.
• Stability: Nattokinase is relatively stable at natural pH levels and remains stable for 10 minutes at room temperature when the pH level rises from 7 to 12. However, it becomes extremely unstable and loses activity quickly when the pH level drops below 5. The enzyme also loses activity due to protein denaturation when the temperature exceeds 60°C. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles have minimal impact on nattokinase activity, with over 95% activity retained after five cycles.

Fibrinolytic Activity

1. Direct Fibrinolysis:
   • Nattokinase has a direct effect on fibrin, breaking it down into smaller fragments.
   • This activity is crucial for maintaining normal blood flow and reducing the risk of blood clots.
2. Enhancement of Plasmin Activity:
   • Nattokinase enhances the production and activity of plasmin, the main enzyme in the body that dissolves fibrin.
   • By increasing plasmin levels, nattokinase helps maintain a balanced fibrinolytic system.

Anticoagulation and Antithrombotic Effects

1. Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation:
   • Nattokinase can inhibit the aggregation of platelets, which are cells in the blood that help form blood clots.
   • By inhibiting platelet aggregation, nattokinase reduces the risk of blood clots forming in the blood vessels.
2. Reduction in Blood Viscosity:
   • Nattokinase can lower blood viscosity, making it easier for blood to flow through the blood vessels.
   • This can improve circulation and reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems.

Cardiovascular Benefits

1. Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases:
   • By maintaining normal fibrinolysis and reducing blood clot formation, nattokinase can help prevent cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes.
   • It also supports healthy blood pressure levels and may improve overall heart health.
2. Improvement in Blood Flow:
   • By reducing blood viscosity and inhibiting platelet aggregation, nattokinase can improve blood flow throughout the body.
   • This can benefit organs and tissues by ensuring they receive adequate blood supply and nutrients.

Other Potential Benefits

1. Anti-Inflammatory Effects:
   • Some studies suggest that nattokinase may have anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce inflammation in the body.
   • Inflammation is a key factor in many chronic diseases, so reducing it can have widespread health benefits.
2. Support for the Immune System:
   • Nattokinase may also support the immune system by promoting healthy cell function and reducing inflammation.
   • A strong immune system is crucial for maintaining overall health and fighting off infections.

1. Functional Foods and Health Products

• Health Supplements: Nattokinase is often used as a dietary supplement to promote cardiovascular health, reduce blood viscosity, and prevent blood clotting. It is available in various forms such as capsules, tablets, and powder.
• Functional Foods: Nattokinase can be incorporated into functional foods, such as yogurt, beverages, and snacks, to enhance their health benefits.

2. Medical and Pharmaceutical Fields

• Thrombolytic Therapy: Due to its fibrinolytic activity, nattokinase has potential applications in thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. However, further clinical research is needed to validate its efficacy and safety in this context.
• Adjuvant Therapy: Nattokinase may be used as an adjuvant therapy in combination with other medications to enhance their effects and reduce side effects.